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中华胃肠内镜电子杂志 ›› 2021, Vol. 08 ›› Issue (04) : 147 -163. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-7157.2021.04.002

所属专题: 指南共识

共识与指南

中国儿童消化道异物管理指南(2021)
中华医学会消化内镜学分会儿科协作组1, 中国医师协会内镜医师分会儿科消化内镜专业委员会2   
  1. 1. 100710 北京,中华医学会消化内镜学分会儿科协作组
    2. 100055 北京,中国医师协会内镜医师分会儿科消化内镜专业委员会
  • 收稿日期:2021-11-03 出版日期:2021-11-15
  • 基金资助:
    中华消化内镜创新发展专项(Z-2019-45-2001)

Management of foreign bodies in the digestive tract of children in China: a clinical practice guideline(2021)

Pediatric Collaborative Group, Chinese Society of Digestive Endoscopology, Beijing 100710, China1, Pediatric Digestive Endoscopy Professional Committee of Chinese Endoscopist Association, Beijing 100055, China2   

  • Received:2021-11-03 Published:2021-11-15
引用本文:

中华医学会消化内镜学分会儿科协作组, 中国医师协会内镜医师分会儿科消化内镜专业委员会. 中国儿童消化道异物管理指南(2021)[J]. 中华胃肠内镜电子杂志, 2021, 08(04): 147-163.

Pediatric Collaborative Group, Chinese Society of Digestive Endoscopology, Beijing 100710, China, Pediatric Digestive Endoscopy Professional Committee of Chinese Endoscopist Association, Beijing 100055, China. Management of foreign bodies in the digestive tract of children in China: a clinical practice guideline(2021)[J]. Chinese Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy(Electronic Edition), 2021, 08(04): 147-163.

消化道异物是消化科常见的危急症之一,在儿童中最为常见。因误吞异物的种类繁多,导致处理方式多样,潜在的风险及并发症不断升级,若处理不及时或者处理不当会产生严重后果。目前,中国尚无针对儿童的消化道异物指南,在结合我国临床实践的基础上制订符合国际标准的儿童消化道异物循证指南,对有效指导和促进儿童消化道异物管理具有重要意义。本指南按照规范的制订流程,联合多学科专家,基于现有证据,结合临床实践,采用推荐意见分级的评估、制订及评价(grades of recommendations assessment,development and evaluation,GRADE)分级系统,遵循国际实践指南报告规范(reporting items for practice guidelines in healthcare,RIGHT),制订符合我国国情的儿童消化道异物管理指南,以期为各级各类接诊儿童消化道异物的临床医师提供指导与决策依据。

Foreign body in the digestive tract is one of the common critical diseases in the gastroenterology department, and it is the most common in children.Due to the wide variety of foreign body ingestion, the treatment methods are diverse, and the potential risks and complications are constantly escalating. If the treatment is not timely or improper, serious consequences will occur.However, there are no guidelines for foreign bodies in the digestive tract for children in China currently. Therefore, the development of evidence-based guidelines for the management of foreign bodies in the digestive tract of children, based on clinical practice in China, is of great significance in effectively guiding and promoting the management of foreign bodies in the digestive tract of children. In order to provide guidance and decision-making basis for clinicians at all levels who treat children with foreign bodies in the digestive tract, we complied with standard development process, collaborated with multidisciplinary expertise, based on available evidence, combined with clinical practice, adopted the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) approach, and followed the Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT) to develop this guideline for the management of foreign bodies in the digestive tract of children.

表1 证据质量与推荐强度分级(GRADE)
表2 中国儿童消化道异物管理指南(2021)临床问题与推荐意见汇总表
临床问题 推荐意见
1:儿童消化道异物的影像学检查方法有哪些? 1.1 怀疑异物误吞建议进行X线平片检查,但不建议使用钡餐(2C)
1.2 X线平片检查阴性后仍高度怀疑异物误吞,或需要进一步明确异物位置以及并发症等情况时,推荐进行CT检查(1B)
  1.3 在儿童消化道异物及其并发症检查中也可考虑采用超声检查(2B)
2:儿童消化道异物内镜手术的适应证有哪些?时机如何选择? 2.1 内镜手术适用于取出消化道内无法自行排出,且未伴随严重并发症的异物,但需根据异物类型、大小以及滞留位置和时间等选择最佳取出时机(GPS)
  2.2 以下情况建议进行急诊内镜:(1)位于食管内的各类异物引起临床症状、伴随梗阻表现或滞留超过24 h;(2)位于胃或十二指肠中的钝性异物引起胃肠道梗阻和损伤表现;(3)位于食管、胃或十二指肠内的尖锐异物、纽扣电池及多个磁性异物或磁性异物合并金属(注:纽扣电池位于胃内且无症状时建议行择期内镜)(2C)
  2.3 以下情况建议进行择期内镜:(1)位于食管内异物未引起临床表现或未伴随梗阻;(2)位于胃或十二指肠内的异物引起临床表现,但未达到急诊内镜指征;(3)胃内直径≥2.5 cm或长度≥6.0 cm的异物、1~2周内未排出的单枚磁性异物或其他异物(GPS)
3:儿童消化道异物随诊观察的适应证有哪些? 3.1对误吞单一小型钝性异物(如磁性异物、小型纽扣电池和硬币)且无明显临床症状的儿童,如果异物可以在胃肠内移行,建议进行临床观察和门诊随访(2C)
4:儿童消化道异物外科手术治疗的适应证有哪些? 4.1 对存在完全梗阻、严重穿孔、形成瘘管以及由此引发其他严重并发症的高危患者,或内镜取出失败及并发症预防失败的患者,推荐尽快进行外科手术(1D)
  4.2 对于已通过十二指肠的钝性异物,若出现临床症状或在影像学上超过7 d无进展,或内镜无法取出,建议进行外科手术(2C)
  4.3 对于已通过十二指肠的尖锐异物,若出现临床症状或在影像学上超过3 d无进展,或内镜无法取出,建议进行外科手术(2C)
  4.4 对于无法自然排出或出现肠梗阻的毒品包,建议积极行外科手术(2D)
5:儿童消化道异物内镜手术常用的技巧有哪些? 5.1 取出异物时,建议异物长轴方向与消化道管腔方向保持一致(GPS)
  5.2 取较大异物时应谨慎操作,建议边充气、边取出(GPS)
  5.3 异物到达食管上端后,建议使患者下颌后仰,取出异物(GPS)
  5.4 进行儿童消化道异物内镜手术时,建议根据异物特点选用适当的器械(GPS)
6:儿童消化道异物内镜手术围手术期管理的要点有哪些? 6.1 推荐术前全面收集患者病史,包括异物类型、大小、数量、形状及部位,误吞异物时间以及最后进食时间等(1C)
  6.2 建议术前向患者家长或法定监护人告知手术过程、风险及并发症,并让其签署知情同意书(GPS)
  6.3 建议患者择期内镜术前应禁食6~8 h、禁水至少2 h;急诊内镜术前可酌情放宽禁食、水时间(2C)
  6.4 推荐患者在术前进行血常规、凝血功能、肝肾功能、输血前检查及心电图、胸部X线等常规、必要的实验室检查及辅助检查(1C)
  6.5 对于经肛小肠镜或结肠镜取出下消化道异物前进行肠道准备:<2岁的患者建议使用生理盐水灌肠,此外还可考虑聚乙二醇电解质散或乳果糖;≥2岁的患者建议高剂量分次使用聚乙二醇电解质散(2C)
7:儿童误吞纽扣电池的处理流程是什么? 7.1 当纽扣电池位于食管,推荐行急诊内镜取出(1B)
  7.2 当纽扣电池位于胃内且无症状时,建议行择期内镜,并定期行X线检查以监测其排出。当纽扣电池位于胃内且有以下情况建议行急诊内镜取出:(1)患者出现胃肠道症状;(2)同时误吞多枚纽扣电池;(3)纽扣电池在胃内停留超过48 h;(4)纽扣电池直径≥20 mm(2D)
  7.3 当纽扣电池已通过十二指肠,建议每1~2 d进行X线检查以跟踪电池的移行情况,直到电池排出体外(2C)
8:儿童误吞枣核(尖锐异物)的处理流程是什么? 8.1 对食管、胃和十二指肠内的枣核(尖锐异物),无论有无消化道症状,均建议行急诊内镜取出(2C)
  8.2 对已通过十二指肠的枣核(尖锐异物),若无症状,建议临床随诊观察;若有肠梗阻、肠穿孔征象,建议外科手术取出(GPS)
9:儿童误吞多枚磁性异物的处理流程是什么? 9.1 对于滞留在食管、胃和十二指肠内的多枚磁性异物,建议行急诊内镜处理(2D)
  9.2 胃镜探查不能取出或不能完全取出,且患者无临床症状,多枚磁性异物不断移行时,建议密切观察;若多枚磁性异物持续停留在同一位置或出现临床症状,建议外科手术处理;当内镜探查发现已经出现胃肠道穿孔时,建议外科手术处理(2D)
10:儿童胃石症的处理流程是什么? 10.1 对于植物性胃石症,当胃石体积小、质地松软时,建议使用药物或其他助溶性物质溶解后待其自然排出;溶石治疗失败,质地较硬且药物不能溶解的胃石建议碎石后内镜下治疗;当溶石治疗联合内镜下治疗失败或合并严重并发症时,建议采用外科手术治疗(2C)
  10.2 对于毛发性胃石症,胃石体积小时可考虑内镜下取石,内镜下取石治疗失败时建议外科手术治疗(2D)
11:儿童消化道异物内镜手术应选择何种麻醉方式? 11.1 推荐在全身麻醉下开展儿童消化道异物内镜手术(1B)
  11.2 预期手术时间较长或<1岁患者,推荐气管插管全身麻醉(1D)
12:儿童消化道异物并发症的危险因素及处理方法有哪些? 12.1 儿童消化道异物并发症的危险因素主要有患者年龄(<3岁)、异物形状或长度(尖锐异物、长形异物)、异物类型及性质(磁性异物、纽扣电池、金属、塑料、腐蚀性物质)、异物数量(≥2个)、异物滞留时间(>24 h)、异物嵌顿位置(食管)以及基础疾病(包括儿童消化道畸形、吞咽障碍、贲门失弛缓症和食管炎等)(2C)
  12.2 儿童消化道异物并发黏膜渗血或出血量小时建议采用局部药物止血,若存在小血管破裂则建议采取金属夹夹闭、皮圈套扎或高温凝固止血(2C)
  12.3 儿童消化道异物并发穿孔时,建议小瘘口予以金属夹夹闭或联合尼龙绳圈套治疗,较大食管瘘口置入覆膜支架治疗或外科手术治疗,封闭瘘口前如有渗出或感染则需引流并予以抗生素治疗(2C)
  12.4 儿童消化道异物并发管腔狭窄时,建议尝试内镜下治疗(2C)
图1 常见的消化道异物影像学及内镜下图片 注:A:硬币、纽扣电池、枣核; B:多枚磁性异物、别针、金属纪念章;C:骨头、围棋子、立体贴画
图2 儿童消化道异物内镜手术常用器械 注:A:活检钳; B:鼠齿鳄口钳;C:三爪钳、五爪钳;D:圈套器;E:异物网篮; F:取石网篮;G:透明帽;H:小肠镜外套管;I:磁性异物取出器
表3 儿童消化道异物内镜手术常用器械
图3 纽扣电池内镜下处理流程图
图4 枣核(尖锐异物)内镜下处理流程图
图5 多枚磁性异物内镜下处理流程图
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