| [1] |
Planas R, Montoliu S, Balleste B，et al.Natural history of patients hospitalized for management of cirrhotic ascites[J]．Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol，2006，4(11):1385-1394.
|
| [2] |
Krag A, Bendtsen F, Henriksen JH，et al.Low cardiac output predicts development of hepatorenal syndrome and survival in patients with cirrhosis and ascites[J]．Gut，2010，59(1):105-110.
|
| [3] |
EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis，and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis[J]．J Hepatol，2010，53(3):397-417.
|
| [4] |
Runyon BA.Introduction to the revised American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Practice Guideline management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis 2012[J]．Hepatology，2013，57(4):1651-1653.
|
| [5] |
Runyon BA.Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis：an update[J]．Hepatology，2009，49(6):2087-2107.
|
| [6] |
Moore KP, Aithal GP.Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis[J]．Gut，2006，55(Suppl 6):vi1-12.
|
| [7] |
Huang LL, Xia HH, Zhu SL.Ascitic Fluid Analysis in the Differential Diagnosis of Ascites：Focus on Cirrhotic Ascites[J]．J Clin Transl Hepatol，2014，2(1):58-64.
|
| [8] |
Wardeh R, Lee JG, Gu M．Endoscopic ultrasound－guided paracentesis of ascitic fluid：a morphologic study with ultrasonographic correlation[J]. Cancer Cytopathol，2011，119(1):27-36.
|
| [9] |
Rodríguez Vargas BO, Monge Salgado E, Montes Teves P，et al.Diagnostic of ascites due to portal hypertension：accuracy of the serum－ascites albumin gradient and protein analises in ascitic fluid[J]．Rev Gastroenterol Peru，2014，34(1):23-28.
|
| [10] |
Demirel U, Karincaoglu M, Harputluoglu M，et al.Two findings of portal hypertension：evaluation of correlation between serum－ascites albumin gradient and esophageal varices in non－alcoholic cirrhosis[J]. Turk J Gastroenterol，2003，14(4):219-222.
|
| [11] |
Dittrich S, Yordi LM, de Mattos AA.The value of serum－ascites albumin gradient for the determination of portal hypertension in the diagnosis of ascites[J]．Hepatogastroenterology，2001，48(37):166-168.
|
| [12] |
Hou W, Sanyal AJ.Ascites：diagnosis and management[J]．Med Clin North Am，2009，93(4):801-817.
|
| [13] |
Patel YA, Muir AJ.Evaluation of New－Onset Ascites[J]．Jama，2016，316(3):340-341.
|
| [14] |
Zhang X, Wang SZ, Zheng JF，et al.Clinical efficacy of tolvaptan for treatment of refractory ascites in liver cirrhosis patients[J]．World J Gastroenterol，2014，20(32):11400-11405.
|
| [15] |
Spahr L, Villeneuve JP, Tran HK，et al.Furosemide－induced natriuresis as a test to identify cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites[J]．Hepatology，2001，33(1):28-31.
|
| [16] |
Akiyama S, Ikeda K, Sezaki H，et al.Therapeutic effects of short－ and intermediate－term tolvaptan administration for refractory ascites in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis[J]．Hepatol Res，2015，45(11):1062-1070.
|
| [17] |
Jia JD, Xie W, Ding HG，et al.Utility and safety of tolvaptan in cirrhotic patients with hyponatremia：A prospective cohort study[J]．Ann Hepatol，2017，16(1):123-132.
|
| [18] |
Watkins PB, Lewis JH, Kaplowitz N，et al.Clinical Pattern of Tolvaptan－Associated Liver Injury in Subjects with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease：Analysis of Clinical Trials Database[J]．Drug Saf，2015，38(11):1103-1113.
|
| [19] |
Salerno F, Guevara M, Bernardi M，et al.Refractory ascites: pathogenesis，definition and therapy of a severe complication in patients with cirrhosis[J]．Liver Int，2010，30(7):937-947.
|
| [20] |
Boyer TD, Sanyal AJ, Wong F，et al.Terlipressin Plus Albumin Is More Effective Than Albumin Alone in Improving Renal Function in Patients With Cirrhosis and Hepatorenal Syndrome Type 1[J]. Gastroenterology，2016，150(7):1579-1589.e1572.
|
| [21] |
Wong F, Pappas SC, Boyer TD，et al.Terlipressin Improves Renal Function and Reverses Hepatorenal Syndrome in Patients With Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome[J]．Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol，2017，15(2):266-272.e261.
|
| [22] |
Ali A, Farid S, Amin M，et al.Clinical study on the therapeutic role of midodrine in non azotemic cirrhotic patients with tense ascites: a double－blind，placebo－controlled，randomized trial[J]. Hepatogastroenterology，2014，61(135):1915-1924.
|
| [23] |
Angeli P, Gines P, Wong F，et al.Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis：revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites[J]．J Hepatol，2015，62(4):968-974.
|
| [24] |
Bernardi M．Optimum use of diuretics in managing ascites in patients with cirrhosis[J]．Gut，2010，59(1):10-11.
|
| [25] |
Angeli P, Fasolato S, Mazza E，et al.Combined versus sequential diuretic treatment of ascites in non－azotaemic patients with cirrhosis: results of an open randomised clinical trial[J]．Gut，2010，59(1):98-104.
|
| [26] |
Fukui H, Saito H, Ueno Y，et al.Evidence－based clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis 2015[J]．J Gastroenterol，2016，51(7):629-650.
|
| [27] |
Uojima H, Kinbara T, Hidaka H，et al.Close correlation between urinary sodium excretion and response to tolvaptan in liver cirrhosis patients with ascites[J]．Hepatol Res，2017，47(3):E14.
|
| [28] |
Lenz K, Buder R, Kapun L，et al.Treatment and management of ascites and hepatorenal syndrome：an update[J]．Therap Adv Gastroenterol，2015，8(2):83-100.
|
| [29] |
Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L，et al.Effect of angiotensin－ converting－enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension：the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial[J]．Lancet，1999，353(9153):611-616.
|
| [30] |
Guevara M, Fernandez－Esparrach G, Alessandria C，et al.Effects of contrast media on renal function in patients with cirrhosis：a prospective study[J]．Hepatology，2004，40(3):646-651.
|
| [31] |
Sakaida I, Kawazoe S, Kajimura K，et al.Tolvaptan for improvement of hepatic edema：A phase 3，multicenter，randomized，double－blind，placebo－controlled trial[J]．Hepatol Res，2014，44(1):73-82.
|
| [32] |
Le S, Spelman T, Chong CP，et al.Could Adherence to Quality of Care Indicators for Hospitalized Patients With Cirrhosis－Related Ascites Improve Clinical Outcomes [J]．Am J Gastroenterol，2016，111(1):87-92.
|
| [33] |
Yakar T, Demir M, Dogan O，et al.High Dose Oral Furosemide with Salt Ingestion in the Treatment of Refractory Ascites of Liver Cirrhosis[J]．Clin Invest Med，2016，39(6):27502.
|
| [34] |
Tandon P, Raman M, Mourtzakis M，et al.A practical approach to nutritional screening and assessment in cirrhosis[J]．Hepatology，2017 , 65(3):1044.
|
| [35] |
范春蕾，吴燕京，丁惠国，等．慢性重型病毒性肝炎的能量代谢及糖、蛋白质、脂肪氧化[J]．中国临床营养杂志，2006，14(2):110-114.
|
| [36] |
曹海霞，范建高．肝硬化患者营养评估及营养支持治疗[J]．实用肝脏病杂志，2014，17(5):459-462.
|
| [37] |
Vincent JL, De Backer D, Wiedermann CJ.Fluid management in sepsis：The potential beneficial effects of albumin[J]．J Crit Care，2016，35:161-167.
|
| [38] |
Artigas A, Wernerman J, Arroyo V，et al.Role of albumin in diseases associated with severe systemic inflammation: Pathophysiologic and clinical evidence in sepsis and in decompensated cirrhosis[J]．J Crit Care，2016，33:62-70.
|
| [39] |
Alessandria C, Elia C, Mezzabotta L，et al.Prevention of paracentesis－induced circulatory dysfunction in cirrhosis：standard vs half albumin doses.A prospective，randomized，unblinded pilot study[J]．Dig Liver Dis，2011，43(11):881-886.
|
| [40] |
Abd Elaal MM, Zaghloul SG, Bakr HG，et al.Evaluation of different therapeutic approaches for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis[J]．Arab J Gastroenterol，2012，13(2):65-70.
|
| [41] |
Bernardi M, Caraceni P, Navickis RJ，et al.Albumin infusion in patients undergoing large－volume paracentesis：a meta－analysis of randomized trials[J]．Hepatology，2012，55(4):1172-1181.
|
| [42] |
Gaetano JN, Micic D, Aronsohn A，et al.The benefit of paracentesis on hospitalized adults with cirrhosis and ascites[J]．J Gastroenterol Hepatol，2016，31(5):1025-1030.
|
| [43] |
Gaba RC, Parvinian A, Casadaban LC，et al.Survival benefit of TIPS versus serial paracentesis in patients with refractory ascites：a single institution case－control propensity score analysis[J]．Clin Radiol，2015，70(5):e51-57.
|
| [44] |
Bohn KA, Ray CE, Jr.Repeat Large－Volume Paracentesis Versus Tunneled Peritoneal Catheter Placement for Malignant Ascites：A Cost－Minimization Study[J]. Am J Roentgenol，2015，205(5):1126-1134.
|
| [45] |
Lungren MP, Kim CY, Stewart JK，et al.Tunneled peritoneal drainage catheter placement for refractory ascites：single－center experience in 188 patients[J]．J Vasc Interv Radiol，2013，24(9):1303-1308.
|
| [46] |
Bureau C, Thabut D, Oberti F，et al.Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts With Covered Stents Increase Transplant－Free Survival of Patients With Cirrhosis and Recurrent Ascites[J]. Gastroenterology，2017，152(1):157-163.
|
| [47] |
Porcel JM.Management of refractory hepatic hydrothorax[J]．Curr Opin Pulm Med，2014，20(4):352-357.
|
| [48] |
Kozaki K, M II, Takagi T，et al.Cell－Free and Concentrated Ascites Reinfusion Therapy for Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis[J]．Ther Apher Dial，2016，20(4):376-382.
|
| [49] |
Tapping CR, Ling L, Razack A．PleurX drain use in the management of malignant ascites：safety，complications，long－term patency and factors predictive of success[J]．Br J Radiol，2012，85(1013):623-628.
|
| [50] |
中华医学会肝病学分会，中华医学会感染病学分会．慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015更新版)[J]．中华肝脏病杂志，2015，23(12):888-905.
|
| [51] |
中华医学会肝病学分会，中华医学会感染病学分会．丙型肝炎防治指南(2015更新版)[J]．中华肝脏病杂志，2015，23(12):906-923.
|
| [52] |
卢玮，高玉华，王珍子，等．安络化纤丸对肝纤维化大鼠转化生长因子β1及相应信号通路的影响[J]．中华肝脏病杂志，2017，25(4):257-262.
|
| [53] |
肖定洪，顾杰，蔡虹，等．扶正化瘀胶囊预防肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张破裂出血的随机对照多中心临床研究[J]．中华肝脏病杂志，2014, 22(8):594-599.
|
| [54] |
董佳佳，陈永平，王晓东，等．复方鳖甲软肝片联合恩替卡韦治疗慢性乙型肝炎伴脾功能亢进患者的临床疗效[J]．中华肝脏病杂志，2016，34(8):501-503.
|
| [55] |
董培玲，丁惠国．肝硬化继发感染：挑战与对策[J]．北京医学，2011，33(9):763-766.
|
| [56] |
Fernandez J, Gustot T．Management of bacterial infections in cirrhosis[J]．J Hepatol，2012，56(Suppl 1):S1-12.
|
| [57] |
Zhu LC, Xu L, He WH，et al.A quick screening model for symptomatic bacterascites in cirrhosis[J]．Saudi J Gastroenterol，2016，22(4):282-287.
|
| [58] |
Na SH, Kim EJ, Nam EY，et al.Comparison of clinical characteristics and outcomes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and culture negative neutrocytic ascites[J]．Scand J Gastroenterol，2017，52(2):199-203.
|
| [59] |
Friedrich K, Nussle S, Rehlen T，et al.Microbiology and resistance in first episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis：implications for management and prognosis[J]．J Gastroenterol Hepatol，2016，31(6):1191-1195.
|
| [60] |
Pericleous M, Sarnowski A, Moore A，et al.The clinical management of abdominal ascites，spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome：a review of current guidelines and recommendations[J]．Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol，2016，28(3):e10-18.
|
| [61] |
Joseph SS, John EM and John SB，et al.Diagnosis and management of complicated intra－abdominal infection in adults and children：guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America[J]．Clin Infect Dis，2010，50(15);133-164.
|
| [62] |
John EM, Jeffrey MT, Addison KM，et al.The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on management of intra－abdominal infection[J]．Surgical Infections，2017，18(1);1-76.
|
| [63] |
Oliveira AM, Branco JC, Barosa R，et al.Clinical and microbiological characteristics associated with mortality in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis：a multicenter cohort study[J]．Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol，2016，28(10):1216-1222.
|
| [64] |
Piano S, Fasolato S, Salinas F，et al.The empirical antibiotic treatment of nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis：Results of a randomized，controlled clinical trial[J]．Hepatology，2016，63(4):1299-1309.
|
| [65] |
Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V，et al.Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis[J]．N Engl J Med，1999，341(6):403-409.
|
| [66] |
Thevenot T, Bureau C, Oberti F，et al.Effect of albumin in cirrhotic patients with infection other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A randomized trial[J]．J Hepatol，2015，62(4):822-830.
|
| [67] |
Zhang Z, Chen K．Vasoactive agents for the treatment of sepsis[J]．Ann Transl Med，2016，4(17):333.
|
| [68] |
Fiore M. Letter：the emergence of multi－drug resistant spontaneous bacterial peritonitis：a new challenge for the hepatologist [J]．Aliment Pharmacol Ther，2016，43(8):944-945.
|
| [69] |
Lahmer T, Brandl A, Rasch S，et al.Fungal Peritonitis: Underestimated Disease in Critically Ill Patients with Liver Cirrhosis and Spontaneous Peritonitis[J]．PLoS One，2016，11(7):e0158389.
|
| [70] |
国家卫生计生委合理用药专家委员会，全国细菌耐药监测网.2015年全国细菌耐药监测报告[J]．中国执业药师，2016，3(1):3-8.
|
| [71] |
Ponziani FR, Gerardi V, Pecere S，et al.Effect of rifaximin on gut microbiota composition in advanced liver disease and its complications [J]．World J Gastroenterol，2015，21(43):12322-12333.
|
| [72] |
Gines A, Escorsell A, Gines P，et al.Incidence，predictive factors，and prognosis of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites[J]. Gastroenterology，1993，105(1):229-236.
|
| [73] |
Lavayssiere L, Kallab S, Cardeau－Desangles I，et al.Impact of molecular adsorbent recirculating system on renal recovery in type－1 hepatorenal syndrome patients with chronic liver failure[J]．J Gastroenterol Hepatol，2013，28(6):1019-1024.
|
| [74] |
Wong F, Blendis L．New challenge of hepatorenal syndrome: prevention and treatment[J]．Hepatology，2001，34(6):1242-1251.
|
| [75] |
Gluud LL, Christensen K, Christensen E，et al.Systematic review of randomized trials on vasoconstrictor drugs for hepatorenal syndrome [J]．Hepatology，2010，51(2):576-584.
|
| [76] |
丁晓红，顾建英．特利加压素治疗Ⅱ型肝肾综合征的临床疗效观察[J]．临床肝胆病杂志，2015，31(5):745-748.
|
| [77] |
徐小元，郑颖颖．肝肾综合征－缩血管还是扩血管 [J]．临床肝胆病杂志，2011，27(8):801-803,817.
|
| [78] |
Cavallin M, Kamath PS, Merli M，et al.Terlipressin plus albumin versus midodrine and octreotide plus albumin in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome：A randomized trial[J]．Hepatology，2015，62(2):567-574.
|
| [79] |
Singh V, Ghosh S, Singh B，et al.Noradrenaline vs. terlipressin in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome：a randomized study[J]．J Hepatol，2012，56(6):1293-1298.
|
| [80] |
张园园，马娟娟，白岚．去甲肾上腺素与特利加压素治疗肝肾综合征的疗效比较[J]．实用医学杂志，2015，31(5):807-810.
|
| [81] |
Schrier RW, Gross P, Gheorghiade M，et al.Tolvaptan，a selective oral vasopressin V2－receptor antagonist，for hyponatremia[J]．N Engl J Med，2006，355(20):2099-2112.
|
| [82] |
Smith M, Durham J．Evolving Indications for Tips[J]．Tech Vasc Interv Radiol，2016，19(1):36-41.
|
| [83] |
Bai M, Qi XS, Yang ZP，et al.TIPS improves liver transplantation－ free survival in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites：an updated meta－analysis[J]．World J Gastroenterol，2014，20(10):2704-2714.
|
| [84] |
Sourianarayanane A, Raina R, Garg G，et al.Management and outcome in hepatorenal syndrome: need for renal replacement therapy in non－transplanted patients[J]．Int Urol Nephrol，2014，46(4):793-800.
|
| [85] |
Wong F, Raina N, Richardson R．Molecular adsorbent recirculating system is ineffective in the management of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis with ascites who have failed vasoconstrictor treatment[J]．Gut，2010，59(3):381-386.
|
| [86] |
Boyer TD, Sanyal AJ, Garcia－Tsao G，et al.Impact of liver transplantation on the survival of patients treated for hepatorenal syndrome type 1[J]．Liver Transpl，2011，17(11):1328-1332.
|
| [87] |
Bossen L, Krag A, Vilstrup H，et al.Nonselective β－blockers do not affect mortality in cirrhosis patients with ascites：Post Hoc analysis of three randomized controlled trials with 1198 patients[J]．Hepatology，2016，63(6):1968-1976.
|