This study aims to evaluate the hemostatic efficacy of an endoscopy-compatible polydopamine-functionalized cellulose-based cryogel hemostatic microsphere in large animal hemorrhage models, proposing a novel hemostatic strategy for managing non-compressible torso hemorrhage(NCTH) via portable endoscopic intervention.

This study selected six healthy female Bama miniature pigs (weight: 30-35 kg, age: 13-15 months) from September 1 to November 30, 2024.The pigs were randomly divided into an experimental group (n=3, treated with hemostatic microspheres) and a control group (n=3, no intervention). A standardized liver injury model (3 cm×1.5 cm ×1 cm) was created to simulate a clinically significant bleeding scenario.The experimental group received microsphere application to the wound post-hemorrhage, with recording of hemostasis time, blood loss, and material usage, while the control group received no treatment. Postoperative monitoring included 48-hour survival rates, rebleeding incidence, coagulation parameters (PT, APTT, TT, FIB), liver function markers (ALT, AST), hematologic indices, and histologic evaluation via HE staining.

The experimental group achieved hemostasis within 315.67±57.24 seconds using only 5.26 ±0.95 g of microspheres, with blood loss of 35.95±6.53 g significantly lower than the control group (>361.43± 42.41 g, P<0.001). The control group failed to achieve hemostasis within 900 seconds, progressing to shock with sustained blood pressure decline.In contrast, the experimental group exhibited transient blood pressure elevation followed by stabilization, no rebleeding within 48 hours, and 100% survival (n=3).

Polydopamine- functionalized cellulose-based cryogel microspheres offer advantages of rapid hemostasis, strong tissue adhesion, and low dosage requirement, demonstrating feasibility for future application in portable endoscopy to control non-compressible torso hemorrhage (NCTH). Their uniform particle size and sprayable properties make them compatible with endoscopic procedures, showing potential to address the limitations of conventional hemostatic techniques.Future studies should expand sample sizes, extend observation periods, and validate applicability across multiple models to facilitate clinical translation.